Pathophysiological Correlation between Cigarette Smoking and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Cigarette smoke (CS) has been consistently demonstrated to be an environmental risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), although the molecular pathogenic mechanisms involved are yet elucidated. Here, we propose different by which CS exposure can cause sporadic ALS pathogenesis. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation widely implicated in pathogenesis, with blood–spinal cord barrier disruption also recognised disease process. In addition, immunometabolic, epigenetic microbiome alterations have recently. Identification of underlying pathophysiological that underpin CS-associated will drive future research conducted into new targets treatment.